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The English Language uses the capital letter in its written and printed form in several ways that differ form the way it is used in other languages using the Roman alphabet.

Name words which are spelled, written, or printed with a capital letter are called proper nouns. Adjectives that are derived from proper nouns are also capitalized when they refer to some closely related aspect of the proper noun; such adjectives are called proper adjectives.

In English Language, capital letters are used on :

English Capitalization

1. The first letter of every sentence.

2. The pronoun I.
(I) is the only pronoun that is capitalized.

3. Proper nouns.
These are the name of individual people, places, or things.

Example of peoples :

John, President Lincoln,
Aunt Florence,
Professor John Quinn.

Note that the title, as well as both parts of the name, is capitalized.

Example of places :

Boston,
Massachusetts,
Mars,
the Blue Ridge Mountains,
Evander Childs High School.

Example of things :

King Arthur's Round Table,
Lindbergh's The Spirit of St. Louis (a plane),
Lassie (a dog),
Seattle Slew (a horse).

4. Nouns and pronouns referring to God, no matter what the creed.
God, the Almighty, his Mercy, Allah, the Prophet, and so on. Also capitalized the holy books: the Qur'an, the Bible, the Talmud, the Bhagavad, Gita.

5. Days of the week, months of the year, holy days, and holidays.
Monday, October 1, Yom Kippur, Christmas, Halloween, New Year's Day, Ramadhan.

6. Words that derived from the names of countries
E.g., Spanish, French, English, American.

These words may be used either as nouns (to mean a language) or as adjectives, but are capitalized in either case : He is French but speaks Greek.

7. Most words in the title of a book
E.g., a short story, an essay, and so on.

Always capitalize the first word; then capitalize all the other words except the articles (a, an, the) and short conjunctions and prepositions : Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man; Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House on the Prairie.

8. The first letter of each sentence spoken in direct quotation.
My teacher said, "You will sit here until you finish that book."

You use a capital only on the first letter of the first word of the sentence even when the sentence is broken up like this "You will sit here."

Correct punctuation, like spelling and word order, is essential part of the properly constructed English sentence. It may be said that, as an integral part of the written form of the language, punctuation is a refection of the pauses and of the rising and falling intonation patterns of the spoken language.

Hence, reading of English is affected by sentence punctuation; each mark of punctuation signals the nature of the pauses and the sentence stress that is necessary for comprehension of the full meaning of the sentence.

As sentences become the paragraphs of a composition, the continuing effect of good sentence punctuation is more clearly evident.

1. Stop or Period (.)

This marks the end of a positive or negative statement, the end of a complete thought, as in :

Their little son is learning to walk.
We have not found out the solution.

It is often used to mark the end of initials or abbreviation; sometimes it is optimal, as in :

P.M. and A.M.
M.A. or MA (the degree Master of Art)

2. Question Mark (?)

As its name suggests, question mark functions mainly to signal that a message or an utterance is in a direct question form. For examples :

What do you think about the term love at the first sight?
Is pink your favorite color?

Although rarely, it can also be used to show doubt, to show something we are unsure about, as in :

In December 1980 (?), John Lennon was shot dead.
Seven years ago (?), my friend found a message in a bottle on the beach.

3. Comma (,)

Comma is use to separate a series of items from the same category, such as nouns, phrases, and clauses, as in :

We are looking forward to buying shirts, shoes, and trousers.
Swimming, cooking, sewing, and dancing are his hobbies.

A comma is normally requires to separate a transitional expression in a sentence, as in :

By the way, what do you think about his girlfriend?
A few girls, however, appear not to like her much.

A comma is used after a subordinate (dependent) clause that precedes a superordinate (independent) clause, as in :

If I had know your better, I would not have misunderstood you.
When the music stopped, the room became quiet.

To introduce a verb phrase beginning with to infinitive, reduced clause or verbless clause, as in :

To succeed in studies, we have to be studious.
Listening to her favorite song, she tried to take everything easy.

To add non-defining phrase or clause or a comment clause to a sentence, as in :

Barrack Obama, who came to Brazil last year, is the president of United States.
Jakarta Post, an English newspaper, presents its reader with well-written articles.
You should, I suggest, talk to her personally.

To introduce adverbs of frequency, place and time at the beginning of a sentence, as in :

Frequently, my friends and I go to the cinema together.
In the kitchen, there are three stoves and two kettles.
On December the twenty-ninth 1999, he celebrated his twenty-fifth birthday.

4. Exclamation Mark (!)

Exclamation mark is used to show strong emphases, as in :

Mind your step!
Don't cheat!
What a careless boy he is!

5. Quotation Marks or Inverted Commas (" ") or (' ')

It is used to mark quotation or others' speech, as in :

"I don't care," he shouted angrily.
"To get further details," the advertisement read, "contact the service department, telephone 55002."

To give more attention to a certain word or term. They can also be used to show that a word in certain context has a particular meaning, a meaning that is different from the common one. The single-quotation mark pair is the more common, as in :

The word 'ambitious' usually carries a negative meaning in Indonesia.
How 'clever' you are to trust her!

6. Semi Colon (;)

This bridges sentences which convey 'closely connected' message, as in :

The children are not tired; they are in fact bored.
Don't be impolite; talk to her patiently.

To replace a comma if it's already used in a list of item, as in :

Swam can fly, swim, and dive; ducks can also swim and dive.
Indonesia, India, and Iran are situated in Asia; Sudan, Nigeria, and Namibia in Africa.

7. Colon (:)

To introduce a long list or series of things. The colon is often preceded by the phrase in the following, as follows, or as in, to mention three examples, as in :

1. The members of Trio Libels are as follows : Ronni, Yanni, and Edwin.
2. In Indonesia, the government recognizes five officials, religions, namely :

Islam
Catholicism
Protestantism
Buddhism
Hinduism

Example of Spoof Text 1 - Monkey's Due

Some time ago the ruin of an unfortunate Adam Air was found. The only passenger found 'still alive' was a monkey.

Surprisingly, the monkey could speak using 'Tarzan's language' to the investigators, when it was interrogated about what really happened just before the accidents.

When the investigators asked, "What were the pilot and stewardess doing at that time?"

The monkey touched the fingers of the left hand to the fingers on the right signaling that they were dating and kissing.

The investigators continuing asking, "What were the passengers doing?"

The monkey held both its hand palms under its check, signaling that they were sleeping.

The investigators wondered, "And what were you doing at that time?"

The monkey raised both hands and showed its fists as though it had been holding the steering wheel, signaling that the monkey itself drove the plane!

Example of Spoof Text 2 - The Penguin Really Enjoyed It!

Once, a man was walking in a park when he came across a penguin. He took him to a policeman and said, "I have just found this penguin. What should I do?"

The policeman replied, "take him to the zoo!"

The next day, the policeman saw the same man in the same park and the man was still carrying the penguin with him. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked, "Why are you still carrying that penguin about? Didn't you take it to the zoo?"

"I certainly did," replied the man, "and it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it. So today I'm taking him to the movies!"

Example of Anecdote Text 1.

A young boy was playing with a ball in the street. He kicked it too hard, and it broke the window of a house and fell inside. A lady came to the window with the ball and shouted at the young boy, so he ran away, but he still wanted his ball back.

A few minutes later, he returned and knocked at the door of the house, and when the lady answered it, he said, "My father is going to come and fix your window very soon."

After a few minutes a man came to the door with tools in his hands, so the lady let the boy take his ball away.

When the finished fixing the window, he said to the lady, "That will cost you exactly sixty thousand rupiahs."

"But aren't you the father of the young boy?" the woman asked, looking surprised.

"No," he answered, equally surprised. "Aren't you his mother?"

Anecdote Text Examples 2.

A lot of boys and girls in West Java are wearing the same kinds of clothes, and, many of them have long hair, so it is often difficult to tell whether they are boys or girls.

One day, an old gentlemen went for a walk in park in Bandung, and when he was tired, he sat down on a bench. A young person was standing on the other side of the park.

"My goodness!" the old man said to the person who was sitting next to him on the bench. "Do you see that person with the loose pants and long hair? Is it a boy or a girl?"

"A girl," said the neighbor. "She is my daughter."

"Oh!" the old gentlemen said quickly, "Please forgive me, I didn't know that you are her mother."

"I'm not," said the other person, "I'm her father."

Examples of Anecdote Text 3.

Al Brown was very good at fixing things around the house when he broke. One day he went to another city to do some work there, and his wife was alone in the house.

While Mr. Brown was away, one of the faucets on the bathtub broke. Mrs. Brown didn't know much about fixing broken faucets, so she telephoned a plumber.

The plumber came to the house that afternoon and fixed the faucet in a few minutes. When he finished, he gave Mrs. Brown his bill for the work.

She looked at it for several second and then said, "Your prices are very high, aren't they? Do you know, the doctor costs less than this when he comes to the house?"

"Yes, I know," answered the plumber. "I know that very well, because I was a doctor until was lucky enough to find this job a few months ago."

I'm Yamamoto. I come from Japan. I live with a wife and two sons. They are my spirit of life for me. My wife's name is Mrs. Yongma; she is a good mother for our children.

She is an English teacher in Nagasaki. My sons, Kurasawa - the oldest one is a student of Japan International School in Nagasaki. He is seven. Gurita, My nice little son, is still a baby. He is two years.

Now, I work for Face and Beauty Company, as a photographer. I like my job, for I can take beautiful pictures. People, nature, building would be my objects. Now, we're having nice project of promoting some of the tourism place in Japan, and putting them in our website. So, just visit the visitjapan.com.

This sample of job application letter is based on the following job advertisement :

Vacancies
We are looking for staff with initiative and who are career minded to work for our international trading company in Bandung. Please respond with complete CV and contact at : vacancies@efl.com

Example 1. Job Application Letter

Dear Sir/Madam,

I would like to apply for the position of staff advertised in Jakarta Post, Thursday, March 7, 2016.

I feel I am well qualified for the position. I have had five years experience at the same field in Smart Synthetics Company. I am kind of person with full enthusiasm and hard-working nature.

A complete CV giving details of my qualifications and experience is attached.

I would be happy to attend an interview at any time convenient to you.

Sincerely yours.

Example 2. Job Application Letter

Dear Sir/Madam,

I notice that you are looking for someone to work as staff. I would really like to do that. I'm pretty experienced at the field and still working as a junior staff but I really don't like the working atmosphere here.

Anyway, I enjoy working anywhere as long as the job gives me a promising career. I think this job would be really convenient for me.

I hope to hear from you soon.

Sincerely yours.

This example of Recount Text in the form of letter was derived to tell the one who are close to us about an unforgettable moment which is occurs in our life!

March 31, 2016

Ms. Angeline Hart
c/o anger Station # 7
Laurentide Provincial Park
Quebec, Canada

Dear Angeline,

Yesterday at my school we had an international day. We had performances, food stalls, displays, raffle ticket draw, and some of us were dressed in costumes.

We started our day off with performances but the one I liked best was the one form fourth grade. We played games. The performance I was in was Labamba.

Straight after our performances we had our lunch. There were food stalls. They came from Australia, Asia, Arab, and Greece.

Everyone had a job. These people were from sixth grade. I did my job after I had lunch. My job was to sell International Day Books.

We had displays in the hall. The displays were good but I didn't get to see them. They displays came from a lot of countries.

There were also a Trash and Treasure stall where they sold toys. The school got these by asking the children to bring them in.

Although I didn't win anything, International Day was still fun.

Love,

Ann.

Text One

A father came home from work late, tired and irritated, to find his 5 year old son waiting for him at the door.

Son : "Father, may I ask you a question?"
Father replied : "Yeah sure, what it is?"

Son : "Father, how much do you make an hour?"
Father said angrily : "That's none of your business. Why do you ask such a thing?"

Son : "I just want to know. Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?"
Father : "If you must know, I make $20 an hour."

"Oh," the little boy replied, with his head down.
Looking up, he said. "Father, may I borrow $10, please?"

The father was furious, "If the only reason you asked that is so you can borrow some money to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed. Think about why you are being so selfish. I work hard everyday for such childish behavior."

The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door. Father sat down and started to get even angrier about the little boy's questions. How dare he ask such questions only to get some money?

After about an hour or so, the father had calmed down, and started to think, "Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10 and he really didn't ask for money very often."

The father went to the door of the little boy's room and opened the door.

"Are you asleep, son?" Father asked.

"No father, I am awake," replied the little boy.

"I have been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier," said the father. "It's been a long day and I took out my aggravation on you. Here's the $10 you asked for."

The little boy sat straight up, smiling. "Oh, thank you father!" He yelled.

Then, reaching under his pillow he pulled out some crumpled up bills.

The father seeing that the little boy already had money, he started to get angry again.

The little boy slowly counted out his money, and then looked up at his father.

"Why do you want more money if you already have some?" the father grumbled.

"Because I didn't have enough, but now I do," the little boy replied.

"Father, I have $20 now. Can I buy an hour of your time? Please come home early tomorrow. I would like to have dinner with you."

Moral Message :

Share this story with someone you like. But even better, share $20 worth of time with someone you love. It's just a short reminder to all of you working so hard in life.

We should not let time slip through our fingers without having spent some time with those who really matter to us, those close to our hearts.

If we die tomorrow, the company that we are working for could easily replace us in a matter of days.

But the family and friends we leave behind will feel the loss for the rest of their lives. And come to think of it, we pour ourselves more into work that to our family. An unwise investment indeed!

Text Two

The story goes back some time ago, a father punished his 3 year old daughter for wasting a roll of gold wrapping paper. Money was tight and he became infuriated when the little girl tried to decorate a box.

Nevertheless, the little girl brought the gift to her father the next morning and said. "This is for you, father."

The father was embarrassed by his earlier over reaction, but his anger flared again when he found out the box was empty. Father yelled at his 3 year old daughter, stating, "Don't you know, when you give someone a present (gift), there is supposed to be something inside?

The little girl looked up at him with tears in her eyes and cried, "Oh, father, it's not empty at all. I blew kisses into the box. They're all for you, father."

The father was crushed. He put his arms around his little girl, and he begged for her forgiveness.

Only a short time later, an accident took the life of his little girl. It is also told that her father kept that gold box by his bed for many years, and whenever he was discouraged, he would take out an imaginary kiss and remember the love of his little girl who had put it there.

Moral Message :

In a very real sense, each one of us, as humans beings, have been given a gold container filled with unconditional love and kisses from our children, family members and friends. There is simply no other possession, anyone could hold, more precious than this.

As you know, an instruction text is a text that explains to someone how to do something, such as bake a cake, play a game or work a DVD player.

So when you write instructions, you tell the reader what to do. The following verbs and helping verbs (auxiliary verbs) communicate obligation :

Must,
Have to,
Should,
Need.

Use these verbs when you write instructions :

Must
Every driver must be able to start, steer, stop, back up, turn, and park a car.

Have to
A driver does not have to be expert mechanic, but a driver should know when his or her car needs repairs.

Should
Drivers should know the basic rules of the road.

Need
A beginning driver needs a good teacher.

Must and should are followed by the simple verb. You need to conjugate (give the correct form of) have to and need. Then ;

Have to is followed by a simple verb.
Need is followed by a verb or noun.

Sentence connector is a word that functions to connect a sentence to another. In a procedure text, the sentence connectors that are commonly used are :

First.
Second.
Then.
Next.
After that.
Finally/Lastly.

Example of Procedure Text - How To Be Safe In Driving

Driving is one of the most important skills a person can learn. Driving is fun and convenient, but it is also dangerous. Drivers can do several things to be safe.

First, they must learn how to operate a car. This takes training and practice. Second, drivers must learn the rules of the road. They should understand roadway signs and study traffic laws.

Finally, drivers can avoid accidents when they make decision to be safe. They should not drive too fast. They should not drive if they are tired. When people follow these instructions, they are safe and responsible drivers.

Example of Instruction Text - How To Make Cheese Straws

You will need :

50 gram cheese.
100 gram plain flour.
50 gram margarine.
A pinch of salt.
Cold water.
A grater.
A plate.
A bowl.
A teaspoon.
A wooden spoon.
A rolling pin.
A blunt knife.
A baking tray.
A wire cooling rack.

How to make :

Grate the cheese on to the plate.
Put the flour, salt and margarine into the bowl and mix with your fingers until it forms little crumbs.
Add the grated cheese, four teaspoon of water and mix.
Continue to add water a little at a time, until the dough sticks together but is not soggy.
Roll out the pastry on a floured tabletop to a thickness of 1 centimeter.
Cut it into fingers and put them on to the greased baking tray to cook. Cook in the middle shelf of the oven at gas mark 4 or 180 celsius for 15 minutes.
Allow the cheese straws to cool on the wire rack.

Mengungkapkan rasa suka dan tidak suka dalam Bahasa Inggris — Masing-masing dari kita pasti mempunyai perasaan suka atau tidak suka terhadap sesuatu, entah suka atau tidak suka terhadap benda maupun orang di sekitar kita.

Rasa suka atau tidak suka tersebut umumnya di ungkapkan dalam berbagai bentuk. Biasanya ditunjukan dengan menggunakan perkataan atau bisa juga dengan sikap tertentu.

Dalam bahasa Inggris sendiri, ungkapan suka dan tidak suka di kenal dengan expression of like and dislike.

Common Terms

Expression of Like
I like/love…. (aku suka/cinta….)
I (really) enjoy…..(aku (sungguh) menikmati…..)
I do like/love….(aku suka/cinta….)
I’m (really) very fond of….(aku (sungguh) sangat suka….)

Expression of Dislike
(I’m afraid ) I don’t like….(aku takut) aku tidak suka….
I (really) hate….(aku (sungguh) benci….)
I can’t bear….(aku tidak tahan….)
I can’t stand….(aku tidak tahan….)

Dibawah ini terdapat 3 contoh expression of like and dislike dalam bentuk paragraf, diantaranya :

Text One - Expression of Like About Music

I like listening to music. Besides it makes me happy, I can more relax even when I am getting stressed by afternoon. In the afternoon I usually listen to slow music and go to beat music, then i feel get better again.

Music for me like therapy. When I get stressed, music is my solution. I also listen to English music to improve my English. Music can be a powerful tool for increasing my language learning. Listening to music can help me increase my fluency and understand the culture.

Text Two - Expression of Like About Reading Novel

Reading novel is my hobby. I do that everyday. It teaches me life. I know types of people and their character. I can learn their habits too. For me, reading novel is not only for entertainment but also inspiration.

If i read some novels, thus, I always put some novels with me. The novel, like Romeo and Juliet or King Lear are the best of Wiliam Shakespear' literary works I have ever read.

The first novel teaches me what life is. Love can make people crazy or have spirit to be alive. Love is the key of trus or trust is the key to make people have true love.

While in second one, I can get some lessons. That the glory of life come from the deepest honest heart or the glory of life would be worthless because we can not see what life is.

Someday, I hope that I can be a good writer like the popular writers in the world.

Text Three - Expression of Dislike About Watching Sinetron

I don't like watching Sinetron. It wastes of time. But I don't understand why people like them. They only stay and do nothing for many hours while they do it everyday regularly.

Why they don't use their time for business, reading, or teaching their children. They may watch them but not for many hours.

Furthermore, many sinetrons do not contain educational messages, and the parents don't lead their children to take or not to take something useful or not form the sinetrons.

For me, sinetron only damages my brain and emotion. Why don't I use my brain or emotion for something useful, like reading and getting some ideas for business? How about you?

Report text merupakan satu dari sekian jenis genre of text yang termasuk kedalam kategori descriptive.

Secara definisi, report text adalah suatu genre atau jenis teks yang mencoba memberikan suatu gambaran mengenai benda, manusia, tumbuhan, hewan dan lain sebagainya yang masih umum.

Misalnya saja jika kita ingin membicarakan seekor gajah, maka kita akan membahas sifat, bentuk, dan karakteristik gajah pada umumnya.

Mirip banget kan dengan descriptive text?
Meskipun mirip, terdapat sejumlah hal yang membedakan antara kedua genre of text ini.

1. Perbedaan Antara Descriptive Text dan Report Text

Guna menghindari kesalahan ketika hendak membuat report text, terdapat sejumlah cara untuk membedakan descriptive text dengan report text, yaitu dengan cara sebagai berikut ini :

1. 1. Menentukan Sifatnya, Umum atau Khusus?

Apakah sesuatu yang digambarkan dalam text/tulisan tersebut bersifat umum atau khusus?

Jika gambaran tersebut bersifat umum, maka jenis textnya adalah report text. Sebaliknya, jika text/tulisan tersebut memiliki gambaran yang bersifat khusus, maka text tersebut merupakan descriptive text.

Misalnya :
Dalam descriptive text, saya menuliskan gambaran mengenai Piramida Giza. Di dalamnya disebutkan/dijelaskan bagaimana bentuk, letak dan kapan dibuatnya Piramida Giza tersebut.

Jadi dalam paragraf descriptive, kita hanya fokus dan khusus menggambarkan dan menjelaskan satu objek tertentu (Piramida Giza).

Lain halnya ketika saya membuat sebuah report text, dimana saya hanya akan menggambarkan dan menjelaskan mengenai Piramida saja.

Maka saya akan menjelaskan bentuk atau model piramida pada umumnya seperti apa, kemudian disebutkan juga bahwa piramida merupakan tempat yang ditujukan untuk apa, dan seterusnya.

Jadi dalam report text, kita hanya menjelaskan piramida secara umum, baik itu Piramida Giza, Khufu, Mastaba of Faraoun, Khafre, Djedefre, Menkaure, Abu Sir, Zawyet el-Aryan, Teti, Userkaf, Snofru, Dahshur, dan lain sebagainya.

Intinya tidak khusus dan fokus pada satu objek tertentu yang lebih spesifik.

1. 2. Memiliki Sudut Pandang yang Berbeda

Disamping itu, report text umumnya menggambarkan sesuatu dengan sudut pandang ilmiah. Sehingga biasanya akan diikuti dengan penjelasan tentang hasil penelitian atau observasi terhadap objek yang sedang dibicarakan tersebut.

2. Tujuan Report Text

Secara komunikasi, tujuan dari report text ialah untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai sesuatu secara apa adanya yang mana informasi tersebut merupakan hasil observasi atau penelitian, dan analisa secara sistematis.

Hematnya, report text berisi sejumlah fakta terkait suatu objek tertentu yang bisa dibuktikan secara ilmiah.

3. Generic Structure Report Text

Generic Structure pada Report Text umumnya disusun dengan urutan sebagai berikut :

3. 1. General Clasification
Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan klasifikasinya.

3. 2. Description
Tells what the phenomenon under discussion ;

In terms of parts,
Qualities,
Habits, or
Behaviors.

Pada umumnya, dalam bagian description ini digambarkan sejumlah fenomena-fenomena yang terjadi, baik bagian-bagiannya, sifat-sifatnya, kebiasaannya, ataupun tingkah lakunya.

Intinya adalah penjabaran dari klasifikasi yang disajikan dengan ilmiah.

4. Ciri-ciri Report Text

Bahasa yang digunakan dalam Report Text biasanya bersifat ilmiah, karena pada dasarnya, report text bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan gambaran mengenai suatu objek tertentu berdasarkan kajian ilmiah.
Menggunakan Simple Present Tense.
Judulnya terlihat umum, seperti Playing Basket Ball, dan bukan Miami Heat Basket Ball Club.
Biasanya disertai gambar, data statistik berupa diagram atau peta untuk menunjukan bahwa hasil penelitiannya dilakukan secara ilmiah.

5. Contoh Report Text

Contoh 1.

Report Text About Dolphins

Dolphins are sea mammals. They have to breathe air or they will die. They are members of the coryphaenidae family.

Dolphins hunt together in a group. A group of dolphins is called a pod. They eat fish, shrimp, and small squid. They live in salt water oceans. Dolphins can hold their breath for six minutes.

Dolphins have smooth bare skin. Only baby dolphins are born with a few bristly hairs on their snouts. These hairs soon fall out. They have a long tail and the fin on top of their backs keeps the dolphin from rolling over.

The female dolphins have a thick layer of fat under their skin to keeps them warm when they dive very deep. The dolphins grow from 2 to 3 meters long and weight up to 75 kilograms.

When dolphins hear or see a ship close by, the go near it and follow it for many kilometers. Dolphins can leap out of the water and so somersaults. Sometimes they invent their own tricks and stunts after watching other dolphins perform.

Dolphins are very friendly to people and have never harmed anyone. They are very playful mammals.

Contoh 2.

Report Text About Polar Bear

The polar bear is a very big white bear. We call it the polar bear because it lives inside the Arctic Circle near the North Pole. There are no polar bears at the South Pole.

The polar bear lives in the snow and ice. At the North Pole there is only snow, ice, and water. There is not any land. You cannot see the polar bear in the snow because its coat is yellow-white. It has a very warm coat because the weather is cold north of the Arctic Circle.

This bear is three meters long, and it weights 450 kilos. It can stand up on its back legs because it has very wide feet. It can use its front legs like arms. The polar bear can swim very well. It can swim 120 kilometers out into the water. It catches fish and sea animals for food. It goes into the sea when it is afraid.

Discussion text is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

Artinya, discussion text adalah suatu text atau tulisan yang memaparkan sebuah diskusi atau perdebatan mengenai suatu masalah yang dilihat dari sudut pandang yang berbeda. Biasanya, discussion text dapat ditemui dalam tulisan filsafat, sejarah, dan sosial.

1. Aim (Tujuan) Discussion Text

Tujuan discussion text yaitu untuk menyajikan suatu isu atau informasi dengan menyebutkan sejumlah pendapat (termasuk pendapat para pakar tertentu di bidangnya) yang biasanya bersifat pro dan kontra (bertentangan).

2. Generic Structure Discussion Text

2. 1. Issue
Paragraf pertama dari discussion text di isi dengan sejumlah pemaparan mengenai isu yang akan dibahas atau didiskusikan.

2. 2. Argument For or Against
Setelah itu isu-isu tersebut disebutkan, kemudian Anda, sebagai penulis menuturkan sejumlah pandangan terkait isu yang sedang dibahas atau didiskusikan dengan mengambil pendapat para ahli, atau bisa juga tanpa menyebutkan siapa yang berpendapat - tetapi pendapat itu memang sudah diketahui secara umum.

Selain itu, penulis juga biasanya memaparkan beberapa pendapat yang pro (argument for) yang kemudian disusul dengan pendapat yang kontra (argument against) pada paragraf berikutnya.

2. 3. Elaboration
Sebelum Anda menentukan pendapat mana yang dipilih, atau bahkan jika Anda memiliki pendapat sendiri, Anda sebagai penulis harus terlebih dahulu memberikan elaborasi terkait sejumlah pendapat yang telah dipaparkan dalam discussion text tersebut.

Elaborasi adalah penjelasan sebuah permasalahan/topik dengan menggunakan pandangan dan pemahaman yang dimiliki orang yang melakukan elaborasi tersebut.

2. 4. Conclusion atau Recomendation
Terakhir, Anda sebagai penulis harus memberikan kesimpulan atau rekomendasi terkait isu yang sedang didiskusikan dengan harapan pembaca dapat mengikuti dan setuju dengan pendapat Anda dalam tulisan tersebut.

3. Ciri-ciri Discussion Text

Fokus pada manusia dan non-manusia generik.
Menggunakan kata-kata yang membandingkan - kata sambung yang berlawanan, misalnya : however, but, in other hand, on the down side, dan konsekuensinya (sebab akibat), misalnya : then, so, etc.
Menggunakan bahasa diskusi : According, opinion.
Menggunakan kata-kata berfikir seperti: feel, hope, believe.
Menggunakan Simple Present.

4. Contoh Discussion Text

Sample Text : Discussion Text about House

Living in Your Own House or A Rent House?

Many young people have difficulty deciding where they will live when the comes to leave home and make their own way in the world. Among the more common alternatives are sharing a house or flat with other young people, and finding full board and lodgings in someone else's home.

Renting a house with other young people offers the advantage of a high degree of freedom and independence. For example, you would be free to come and go at time that suit you, without needing to inform anyone that you would not be home for dinner. Another big advantage would be having other people about your own age to socialize with.

On the down side, renting involves a variety of responsibilities that may be more than you wish to take on. For example, if you rent a house, you will need to spend time and money maintaining the lawn and gardens. You may also share the legal responsibility for the rent and for damage to the property if your name is on the rental agreement. This would mean you would be responsible for making large rental payments if one or more of the people you are sharing with should move out of the house or flat. It might also mean that you are held financially responsible if they damage the dwelling.

Finding board and lodgings, on the other hand, has significant advantages. Generally you have no responsibility for the cleaning or maintenance of the dwelling or its garden, other than to take reasonable care of your room. Your meals are usually provided for you, the home is usually more comfortably furnished than you would be able to afford in a rented property, and your financial liability is limited to the payment of your fixed weekly amount for board and lodging.

However, living in board and lodging circumstances has its drawbacks too. You have less freedom and flexibility in your lifestyle, not only in the timing of meals, but also, for example, in how loudly you can play your music. Also, you do not have the companionship of people your own age.

In the end, the decision each person makes will depend on their own personal valuing of independence and of convenience, as well as their feeling of readiness for taking on the considerable financial and other responsibilities of house or flat rental.

Announcement (bahasa Indonesia : pengumuman) merupakan suatu pernyataan atau pemberitahuan secara resmi dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan yang berisikan suatu informasi tertentu agar dapat diketahui oleh semua orang.

Meskipun begitu, tak semua orang yang mendengar atau membaca pengumuman tersebut memiliki kepentingan atau berhubungan dengan pengumuman tersebut.

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, announcement dapat kita temukan dimana saja, terutama di sekolah. Baik itu pengumuman secara lisan, maupun tulisan yang ditempel di majalah atau dinding sekolah.

Dalam sebuah announcement, terdapat bagian-bagian penting yang harus disebutkan. Diantaranya adalah :

The Title/Type of An Event (Judul/ Jenis Kegiatan)
Date and Time (Tanggal dan Waktu)
Place (Tempat)
Contact Person/Address (Alamat)

Example of Announcement Text in School

Announcement - Image Designed by Freepik

Summer is a great time to return to school!

If you need better business, lets us help.

Each summer Claybourne University School of Business Administration offers special courses for experienced manager who want to sharpen their existing business skills or learn new ones. You will study with your peers in a week-long intensive session that stimulates the world of international commerce. You will learn new theories and study the way business is conducted around the world. Students in previous session have reported that what they learned was immediately applicable to their own work situation.

Only one person from a company is accepted into this special program. All applications require three letters of recommendation and proof of employment.

For more information, call the

Summer Education Center

School of Business Administration

Clabourne University

903-477-6768 Fax: 903-477-6777

Grammar Focus
A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun. You will want to include pronouns in your writing to reduce repetition and make your writing smooth.

Review the rules :

All pronoun replace or refer to nouns.
Singular pronouns : I, you, he, she, it.
Plural pronouns : we, you, they (notice that you can be singular or plural).
Pronouns can be subject or objects. They are called subject pronouns or object pronouns. Subject cause the action of the verb, and object receive the action of the verb.

Personal Pronoun - Singular

Person	Subject	Object	Examples
First Person	I	Me	I talk to Aunt Julie every week. She helps me plan our annual family reunion.
Second Person	You	You	Aunt Julie sayas, "You miss Grandpa. And he misses you."
Third Person	He, she it	Him, her, it	That's why she organizes the reunion. I am so grateful to her.

Personal Pronoun - Plural

Person	Subject	Object	Examples
First Person	We	Us	We get together every year. The reunion keeps us in touch.
Second Person	You	You	You can all join us this year. We want to include all of you.
Third Person	They	Them	All of my family member will be there. They want to meet you. You'll like them!

Dikutip dari Oxford Dictionary, "Advertisement or advertizing is a form of marketing communication used to promote or sell something usually a bussiness product or service."

So, advertisement (iklan) merupakan suatu cara berkomunikasi yang memiliki tujuan untuk mempromosikan suatu produk atau layanan tertentu.

Selain itu, fungsi lain dari iklan (advertisement) yaitu untuk memberikan informasi mengenai suatu barang atau produk yang kita jual.

Disamping fungsinya untuk memberikan informasi, iklan juga memiliki fungsi untuk mempengaruhi para calon konsumen untuk membeli atau memakai produk yang di tawarkan.

Karenanya, teknik pemasaran ataupun desain iklan sangatlah penting pada sistem pemasaran suatu produk.

Adapun sejumlah teknik atau cara tertentu agar iklan yang dibuat tampak menarik dan juga unik bagi konsumen, dimana dalam pembahasan kali ini akan lebih ditekankan dalam segi penggunaan bahasa.

1.Penggunaan Bahasa dalam Writing Advertisements In English

Bahasa merupakan salah satu faktor yang sangat penting dalam pemasangan sebuah iklan, baik itu di media cetak maupun elektronik. Agar iklan menarik dan unik, diperlukan penggunaan bahasa yang jelas, mudah untuk di pahami, serta mudah untuk di ingat.

Berikut beberapa contoh slogan dari produk tertentu yang dikutip dari adslogan.co.uk tahun 2016 :

Slogan : Who do you want to be today?
Merk : L'Oreal Studio Pro
Produk :Hairstyling Range

Slogan : Be moved, not driven.
Merk : Renault Clio
Produk : Cars

Slogan : Expect more.
Merk : Moneyfarm
Produk : Investment Funds

2. Memberikan Iklan Penawaran

Bubuhkan penawaran pada iklan yang di buat, misalnya seperti memberikan potongan harga, dan garansi yang bisa berupa pengembalian uang ketika barang rusak atau tidak sesuai pemesanan.

Teknik tersebut diketahui cukup ampuh untuk menarik perhatian para konsumen yang akan membeli produk yang akan kita jual.

3. Menyertakan Informasi Detail Produk yang Diiklankan

Pada saat memasang iklan suatu produk, kita juga harus memberikan informasi detail dari produk tersebut seperti luas bangunan, tata letak, posisi, dan lain sebagainya jika iklan tersebut berupa iklan properti.

Dibawah ini terdapat 2 contoh iklan properti yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris.

Example of Advertisement Text In English - Spring Garden

Contoh Iklan Properti Bahasa Inggris :

The Spring Garden Apartment Complex offers you and your family country living at its best. Surrounded by beautiful woods and hills, Spring Garden is located ten miles outside the city, but is only minutes from downtown on the freeway.

Unfurnished two bedroom apartment are available. Each apartment has dishwasher, central heating, air conditioning, and a laundry room. Children and pets are welcome.

In addition, there are tennis and basketball courts, two swimming pools, and a playground. There are two parking spaces for each apartment.

Reading newspapers, Image Designed by Freepik

Example of Advertisement Text In English - Regency Towers

Contoh Iklan Properti Bahasa Inggris :

Come and experience the luxury of Regency Towers and enjoy the convenience of living only a five-minutes walk form the city centre!

Each apartment in this forty-story building has a wonderful view of city. A wide choice of apartments is available, from studios to large three-bedroom apartments.

Each apartment is completely furnished and offers every modern convenience :

Central heating,
Air conditioning,
Laundry facilities, and
Your own microwave oven.

Free maid service is available!

Adults preferred; no pets.

Regency Towers also offers a swimming pool and an exercise room.
There is twenty-four-hour security service.

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