The word paradigm comes from the Middle Ages in England which is the derived from the Latin word in 1483 , the paradigm means a model or pattern; paradeigma Greek (the deiknunai +) which means to "compare", "contiguous" (para) and show (deik).
The Paradigm of Psycholinguistics
Development of language acquisition theory in this century have been influenced by the development of psychology Omega (in Yulianto, 2007: 10-11). In psycholinguistics, there are two streams which contradicts the basic principle, namely behaviorism and cognitivism. The second stream is influence in language learning experts looked at how a young man learning the language.
About how people acquire or learn the language, Ellis (in Yulianto, 2007:10-11) expressed the view that there are three groups, namely (1) the views of behaviorism, (2) view of nativism, and (3) view of interactionism.
Behaviorist
Behaviorism theory was introduced by John B. Watson (1878-1958) an American psychologist. This theory is a continuation of the classic Pavlovian theory of refraction in the form of new and more detailed and supported by new experiments with animals (especially rodents) and child (baby). This theory is the study of objects or things that can be observed directly, the stimulus (stimulus) and feed back (response); are things that happen in the brain not related to the study.
The followers regard language schools of behaviorism as a behavior, which can be obtained through operant procedures (Lynch & Brecker, 1972; Perozzi, 1972: Jeffery, 1973; Miller & Yoder, 1973; in Sellin (1979).
Nativist
Chomsky is one of followers of nativism. According to him, language can only be controlled by humans, animals may not be able to master the human language. Chomsky's opinion is based on several assumptions. First, the language of behavior is something that is inherited (genetic), every language has the same pattern of development (is something that universal), and the neighborhood has a small role in the maturation process of the language. Second, the language can be mastered in a relatively short time. Third, the child's language environment can not provide sufficient data for the mastery of a complex grammar of adults.
According to this ideology, the language is complex and complicated that it is impossible to be mastered in a short time through the "imitation". Nativism also believe that every human being born already equipped with a means to acquire the language (language acquisition device, abbreviated LAD) therefore environmental factors including lack of educational factors influence the development of children.
Interactionist
Interactionism theory is a combination of the two previous approaches of behaviorism and nativism that emphasizes a combination of internal and external factors in the process of language acquisition and learning. Interactsionist approach is the starting point of human cognitive abilities in finding the structure of language around it. Then the process of acquiring and learning is also influenced by the surrounding environment.
That is true, if there is a theory that the child's language skills have been there since birth (has existing LAD). It has been proved by the discoveries as was done by Howard Gardner. He said that, since the birth of children have been equipped with a variety of intelligence. One of the intelligence in question is the language of intelligence.
However, that can not be overlooked is also the environmental factors that affect the child's language skills. Many discoveries that have proved this.
Interactionist Paradigm of Psycholinguistics
Interactionist assumes that language acquisition is the result of interaction between mental ability learners with language environment (Ellis, 1986: 126). The interaction between the two is the manifestation of the actual verbal interaction between the learners with others.
Interactionism approach by van Els (in Yulianto, 2007: 24) calls a procedural approach, where the approach is the interaction between internal factors with external factors are central. Internal factors, a child's mental abilities are very influential.
However, environmental factors also play a role determining the kinds pemerolehannya, especially the lexicon. In addition, Yulianto (2001: 563) also agree to view Dardjowidjojo (2000: 304) which revealed that the natural and environmental factors influence the child's language acquisition. Explicitly this view in accordance with the views of interactionism (Ellis, 1986:129).
The starting point of this approach is the cognitive abilities of children in discovering the structure of language in surrounding. Good understanding and language production in children is seen as a system of discovery procedures are constantly evolving and changing.
Application of Interactionist Paradigm
Both the human and social structure is conceptualized in a more complex, more unpredictable, and is active when compared to the sociological perspectives of conventional. On this side of society composed of individuals - individuals who interact are not just react, but also capture, interpret, act, and create. Individuals are not a bunch of properties, but it is a dynamic and changing actor, who is always in the process of becoming and never fully completed form.
Society is not something static "out there" that always influence and shape us, but in essence is a process of interaction. Individuals not only have a mind (mind), but also the self (self) is not a psychological entity, but an aspect of the social processes that emerge in the process of experience and social activities. In addition, the whole process of symbolic interaction, in which the meanings created by human reason.
Thus, human interaction is mediated by the use of symbols, by interpretation, or determination the meaning of the other peoples’ actions. This mediation is equivalent to the involvement of the process of interpretation between stimulus and response in case of human behavior.
All interactions between human individuals involves an exchange of symbols. When we interact with others, we are constantly looking for "clues" about the type of behavior is appropriate in that context and on how to interpret what is meant by others.
Symbolic interactionism directs our attention to the interactions between individuals, and how this can be used to understand what others say and do to us as individuals. Symbolic interactionism approach gives much emphasis on the individual active and creative than other theoretical approaches. Symbolic interactionism approach evolved from a concern with language towards; but Mead develop it in different directions and is quite unique. Symbolic interactionism approach assumes that everything is virtual. As an example application of this understanding is the human ability to create a forum of social interaction; organizations and the creation of verbal art.
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